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الاسطورة

الثلاثاء، 26 فبراير 2013

يونــــــان ومشكلة الثلاثة أيــــــــام والثلاث ليالـــــــي


يونــــــان ومشكلة الثلاثة أيــــــــام والثلاث ليالـــــــي

صورة: ‏Tuesday, 26th February 2013 --- 19 Amshir 1729

فيبي ميخائيل

Readings for Fast of Ninevah


Matins
Matins Psalm
From the Psalms of our teacher David the prophet.
May his blessings be with us all.

Jonah 2 : 2 - 10

Chapter 2

2 And he said: "I cried out to the LORD because of my affliction, And He answered me. "Out of the belly of Sheol I cried, And You heard my voice.
3 For You cast me into the deep, Into the heart of the seas, And the floods surrounded me; All Your billows and Your waves passed over me.
4 Then I said, "I have been cast out of Your sight; Yet I will look again toward Your holy temple.'
5 The waters surrounded me, even to my soul; The deep closed around me; Weeds were wrapped around my head.
6 I went down to the moorings of the mountains; The earth with its bars closed behind me forever; Yet You have brought up my life from the pit, O LORD, my God.
7 "When my soul fainted within me, I remembered the LORD; And my prayer went up to You, Into Your holy temple.
8 "Those who regard worthless idols Forsake their own Mercy.
9 But I will sacrifice to You With the voice of thanksgiving; I will pay what I have vowed. Salvation is of the LORD."
10 So the LORD spoke to the fish, and it vomited Jonah onto dry land.

Psalms 102 : 14,15,9,10

Chapter 102

14 For Your servants take pleasure in her stones, And show favor to her dust.
15 So the nations shall fear the name of the LORD, And all the kings of the earth Your glory.
9 For I have eaten ashes like bread, And mingled my drink with weeping,
10 Because of Your indignation and Your wrath; For You have lifted me up and cast me away.

Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Our Lord God, Savior, and King of us all, Jesus Christ, the Living Son of God to whom be glory forever.
Amen. 

Matins Gospel
Stand in the fear of God and listen to the Holy Gospel.
A reading from the Gospel according to our teacher Saint Luke the Evangelist.
May His Blessings be with us all.

Luke 13 : 6 - 9

Chapter 13

6 He also spoke this parable: "A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it and found none.
7 Then he said to the keeper of his vineyard, "Look, for three years I have come seeking fruit on this fig tree and find none. Cut it down; why does it use up the ground?'
8 But he answered and said to him, "Sir, let it alone this year also, until I dig around it and fertilize it.
9 And if it bears fruit, well. But if not, after that you can cut it down."'
And Glory be to God forever. 

Liturgy
Paulines Epistle
Paul, the servant of our Lord Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, appointed to the Gospel of God.
A reading from the Epistle of our teacher Paul to the Colossians .
May his blessings be upon us.
Amen.

Colossians 1 : 21 - 29

Chapter 1

21 And you, who once were alienated and enemies in your mind by wicked works, yet now He has reconciled
22 in the body of His flesh through death, to present you holy, and blameless, and above reproach in His sight--
23 if indeed you continue in the faith, grounded and steadfast, and are not moved away from the hope of the gospel which you heard, which was preached to every creature under heaven, of which I, Paul, became a minister.
24 I now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up in my flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ, for the sake of His body, which is the church,
25 of which I became a minister according to the stewardship from God which was given to me for you, to fulfill the word of God,
26 the mystery which has been hidden from ages and from generations, but now has been revealed to His saints.
27 To them God willed to make known what are the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles: which is Christ in you, the hope of glory.
28 Him we preach, warning every man and teaching every man in all wisdom, that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus.
29 To this end I also labor, striving according to His working which works in me mightily.
The grace of God the Father be with you all.
Amen. 

Catholic Epistle
A Reading from Epistle 1 of St. Peter .
May his blessing be upon us.
Amen.

1 Peter 4 : 3 - 11

Chapter 4

3 For we have spent enough of our past lifetime in doing the will of the Gentiles--when we walked in lewdness, lusts, drunkenness, revelries, drinking parties, and abominable idolatries.
4 In regard to these, they think it strange that you do not run with them in the same flood of dissipation, speaking evil of you.
5 They will give an account to Him who is ready to judge the living and the dead.
6 For this reason the gospel was preached also to those who are dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but live according to God in the spirit.
7 But the end of all things is at hand; therefore be serious and watchful in your prayers.
8 And above all things have fervent love for one another, for "love will cover a multitude of sins."
9 Be hospitable to one another without grumbling.
10 As each one has received a gift, minister it to one another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God.
11 If anyone speaks, let him speak as the oracles of God. If anyone ministers, let him do it as with the ability which God supplies, that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom belong the glory and the dominion forever and ever. Amen.
Do not love the world or the things in the world.
The world passes away, and its desires; but he who does the will of God abides forever.
Amen. 

Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of our fathers the apostles, may their blessings be with us.

Acts 17 : 30 - 34

Chapter 17

30 Truly, these times of ignorance God overlooked, but now commands all men everywhere to repent,
31 because He has appointed a day on which He will judge the world in righteousness by the Man whom He has ordained. He has given assurance of this to all by raising Him from the dead."
32 And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked, while others said, "We will hear you again on this matter."
33 So Paul departed from among them.
34 However, some men joined him and believed, among them Dionysius the Areopagite, a woman named Damaris, and others with them.
The word of the Lord shall grow, multiply, be mighty, and be confirmed, in the holy Church of God.
Amen. 

Synaxarium
Day 19 of the Blessed Coptic Month of Amshir, may God make it always received, year after year, with reassurance and tranquility, while our sins after forgiven by the tender mercies of our God my fathers and brothers.
Amen.

The Nineteenth Day of the Blessed Month of Amshir
Commemoration of the Relocation of the Relics of St.Martianus the Monk
  On this day we commemorate the relocation of the relics of St. Martianus (Martinianus) the fighter monk from Athens to Antioch. After he led an adulterous woman to repentance and then to monasticism, he placed her in one of the convents. Then he went to an island and visited many countries. Finally, he came to the city of Athens where he stayed for a short while, until he fell sick and departed in peace. St. Demetrius, Patriarch of Antioch, took on the endeavor to relocate the relics of the saint during the reign of Emperor Valens the Infidel. St. Demetrius sent priests to Athens. They carried the body of St. Martianus with great honor to Antioch. He placed the body in a sarcophagus and appointed a feast to celebrate him on this day.

May His prayers be with us and Glory be to our God forever. Amen.

Divine Psalm
Stand in the fear of God and listen to the Holy Gospel.
A reading from the Gospel according to our teacher Saint John the Evangelist.
May His Blessings be with us all. Amen.
From the Psalms of our teacher David the prophet, and the Good King.
May his blessings be with us all.

Psalms 85 : 2 - 3

Chapter 85

2 You have forgiven the iniquity of Your people; You have covered all their sin.Selah
3 You have taken away all Your wrath; You have turned from the fierceness of Your anger.

Hallelujah. 

Divine Gospel
Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.
Our Lord God, Savior, and King of us all, Jesus Christ, the Living Son of God to whom be glory forever.
Amen.

Luke 11 : 29 - 36

Chapter 11

29 And while the crowds were thickly gathered together, He began to say, "This is an evil generation. It seeks a sign, and no sign will be given to it except the sign of Jonah the prophet.
30 For as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so also the Son of Man will be to this generation.
31 The queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation and condemn them, for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and indeed a greater than Solomon is here.
32 The men of Nineveh will rise up in the judgment with this generation and condemn it, for they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and indeed a greater than Jonah is here.
33 "No one, when he has lit a lamp, puts it in a secret place or under a basket, but on a lampstand, that those who come in may see the light.
34 The lamp of the body is the eye. Therefore, when your eye is good, your whole body also is full of light. But when your eye is bad, your body also is full of darkness.
35 Therefore take heed that the light which is in you is not darkness.
36 If then your whole body is full of light, having no part dark, the whole body will be full of light, as when the bright shining of a lamp gives you light."

And Glory be to God forever.‏ 

عرض الآيات الخاصة بهذا الموضوع:

1- حِينَئِذٍ أَجَابَ قَوْمٌ مِنَ الْكَتَبَةِ وَالْفَرِّيسِيِّينَ قَائِلِينَ: «يَا مُعَلِّمُ، نُرِيدُ أَنْ نَرَى مِنْكَ آيَةً».  فَأَجابَ وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: «جِيلٌ شِرِّيرٌ وَفَاسِقٌ يَطْلُبُ آيَةً، وَلاَ تُعْطَى لَهُ آيَةٌ إِلاَّ آيَةَ يُونَانَ النَّبِيِّ.  لأَنَّهُ كَمَا كَانَ يُونَانُ فِي بَطْنِ الْحُوتِ ثَلاَثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَثَلاَثَ لَيَال، هكَذَا يَكُونُ ابْنُ الإِنْسَانِ فِي قَلْب الأَرْضِ ثَلاَثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَثَلاَثَ لَيَال" (إنجيل متى 12: 38-40).


2- "جِيلٌ شِرِّيرٌ فَاسِقٌ يَلْتَمِسُ آيَةً، وَلاَ تُعْطَى لَهُ آيَةٌ إِلاَّ آيَةَ يُونَانَ النَّبِيِّ" (إنجيل متى 16: 4)

3- "هذَا الْجِيلُ شِرِّيرٌ. يَطْلُبُ آيَةً، وَلاَ تُعْطَى لَهُ آيَةٌ إِلاَّ آيَةُ يُونَانَ النَّبِيِّ.  لأَنَّهُ كَمَا كَانَ يُونَانُ آيَةً لأَهْلِ نينوى، كَذلِكَ يَكُونُ ابْنُ الإِنْسَانِ أَيْضًا لِهذَا الْجِيلِ" (إنجيل لوقا 11: 29، 30)


# "وَيُسَلِّمُونَهُ إِلَى الأُمَمِ لِكَيْ يَهْزَأُوا بِهِ وَيَجْلِدُوهُ وَيَصْلِبُوهُ، وَفِي الْيَوْمِ الثَّالِثِ يَقُومُ" (متى 20: 19)

ما هي الآية، وما هو أوجه الشبه؟

قد يرى البعض في قصة يونان البساطة، وأنها أمر لا علاقة له بـ"الآية" أي المعجزة..  
ولكن السؤال هو:

1- الحياة: هل الآية هي في البقاء حيًا بعد فترة كتلك؟  أم:

2- الموت: هل الآية هي في القيامة بعد المشكلة؟

من أوجهة الشبه أيضًا، كما أن الحوت ألقاه دون أن يؤذيه، فما كان ممكنًا للقبر أن يظل مغلقًا على المسيح " لأنك لا تترك نفسي في الهاوية ولا تدع قدوسك يرى فسادًا" (مز10:16) ويونان رمز للمسيح.

الآية أيضًا هي في إيمانهم بعد القيامة، فكما أن خبر الحوت ربما وصل لأهل نينوى من البحارة، ثم خرج يونان حيًا، وكان هذا سببًا في إيمان أهل نينوى، فكانت آية يونان هي خروجه من بطن الحوت بعد ثلاثة أيام. وآية المسيح الكبرى هي خروجه من الموت بعد ثلاثة أيام. والمعنى وراء هذا الكلام أن الضربات التي كانت ستوجه لنينوى إن لم تتب، ستوجه لليهود لو رفضوا الإيمان بالمسيح، وهذا ما حدث من تيطس سنة 70 م.  وأيضًا آمن بعض اليهود بعد قيامة السيد المسيح..  وهذا كما حدث مع اهل نينوى.

الآية تكمن في فكرة الموت والقيامة:

1- يونان لا يمثل المسيح في القبر بالجسد. لكن يمثل المسيح في الجحيم بالروح.  المسيح عندما أسلم الروح انفصلت الروح عن الجسد، واللاهوت متحد بالروح واللاهوت متحد بالجسد. واتحاد اللاهوت بالروح وبالجسد اتحاد كامل ودائم لا ينفصل؛ فالسيد المسيح لـه نزولين:

أ) نزول بالروح للجحيم أو نزول النفس للهاوية (أعمال 2: 27): "نزل إلى الجحيم من قبل الصليب" (القداس الإلهى).

   نزول الروح للجحيم هو ثلاثة أيام وثلاث ليالي.

ب) ونزول بالجسد للقبر. أما نزول الجسد في القبر فيكون ثلاثة أيام وليلتين (فى ثالث يوم قام). (متى 20: 19): "لأنك لن تترك نفسي في الهاوية ولا تدع قدوسك يرى فسادًا"… سبق فرأى وتكلم عن قيامة المسيح انه لم تُتْرَك نفسه في الهاوية ولا رأى جسده فسادًا (أعمال 2: 27، 31).

2- يونان لم يمت، ولكن المسيح مات!  مات بالجسد؛ ويوضح الكتاب هذه النقطة بقوله: "مماتًا في الجسد لكن محيي في الروح". (أى محيي في النفس) (1بط3: 18).  وحيًا بالروح؛ ففي بطرس الأولى يقول: "الذي فيه (أى في الروح المحيي) أيضًا ذهب فكرز للأرواح التي في السجن (لكى يحييها) (1بط 3: 3: 19).

شرح فكرة بقاء المسيح في القبر ثلاثة أيام وثلاثة ليالي:

هناك أكثر من فكرة حول هذا الأمر..  أبسطها التالي:

يقول الكتاب أنه كانت ظلمة على وجه الأرض كلها من الساعة السادسة (12 ظهرًا) للتاسعة (3 بعد الظهر). ونحو الساعة التاسعة أي قبل الساعة التاسعة بقليل أي في أثناء الظلمة صرخ يسوع بصوت عظيم وأسلم الروح" (متى 27: 46).

إذن، فموت المسيح ووضعه في القبر كان في مدة:

الجمعة قبل الغروب (يوم)، وبعده في المساء (ليلة)

السبت كامل (يوم + ليلة)

الأحد فجرًا (يوم)

أو بطريقة أخرى، المسيح بقى في القبر:

جزء من الجمعة

السبت كاملًا

جزء من الأحد

إذا قلنا هذا، فالمسيح بقى في القبر ثلاثة أيام وليلتين، وليس ثلاث ليالي!

أين الليلة الثالثة؟!

كمقدمة عامة، لاحظ أولًا أن الكتاب لم يقل عن يونان أنه قضى في جوف الحوت ثلاثة أيام وثلاث ليال‏ (‏كاملة‏) (‏يونان‏1: 17).‏

1- الأمر ببساطة هو أن التقويم اليهودي والتلمود يحتسب الجزء من اليوم كأنه يوم كامل. فجزء الليل يعتبر الليل كله. وجزء اليوم يعتبر اليوم كله. واليوم يقال عن النهار وليس عن 24 ساعة. 

2- وأيضًا يعبِّر اليهود عن اليوم بقولهم "صباح ومساء" أو "نهار وليلة" (تك إصحاح 1؛ 7: 4، 12؛ دا 14:8؛ تث18:9؛ 1مل8:19؛ استير 4: 16؛ متى 27: 63-64).

# من أوضح الآيات في الكتاب المقدس (ستجد نصه في موقع القديس تكلا هنا) التي توضح هذا الأمر جليًا هو التالي، ومن سفر واحد، والآيتان متعاقبتان؛ الآية الثانية وراء الأولى:

(أستير 4: 16): "اذْهَبِ اجْمَعْ جَمِيعَ الْيَهُودِ الْمَوْجُودِينَ فِي شُوشَنَ وَصُومُوا مِنْ جِهَتِي وَلاَ تَأْكُلُوا وَلاَ تَشْرَبُوا ثَلاَثَةَ أَيَّامٍ لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا. وَأَنَا أَيْضًا وَجَوَارِيَّ نَصُومُ كَذلِكَ. وَهكَذَا أَدْخُلُ إِلَى الْمَلِكِ خِلاَفَ السُّنَّةِ. فَإِذَا هَلَكْتُ، هَلَكْتُ".

(أستير 5: 1): "وَفِي الْيَوْمِ الثَّالِثِ لَبِسَتْ أَسْتِيرُ ثِيَابًا مَلَكِيَّةً وَوَقَفَتْ فِي دَارِ بَيْتِ الْمَلِكِ الدَّاخِلِيَّةِ مُقَابِلَ بَيْتِ الْمَلِكِ، وَالْمَلِكُ جَالِسٌ عَلَى كُرْسِيِّ مُلْكِهِ فِي بَيْتِ الْمُلْكِ مُقَابِلَ مَدْخَلِ الْبَيْتِ".

التدبير الإلهي الجميل أن الآيتان لا يفصلهما شيئًا!  فآخر آية في أصحاح 4 تتحدث عن مهلة صوم "ثلاثة أيام"، ثم ينتهي الاصحاح.  يبدأ الأصحاح 5 بقوله "وفي اليوم الثالث".  فكما أوضحنا أن الكتاب يتحدث عن اليوم كجزء من اليوم، وبالأكثر كما اتضح من هذه الآية أنه قال "ثلاثة أيام ليلًا ونهارا" عن ثلاثة أيام وليلتين.. باحتساب أن جزء اليوم الثالث كأنه يومًا كاملًا.  وبنفس المنطق ذكر السيد المسيح (اليهودي) ذكر "ثلاثة أيام وثلاثة ليالي".

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